Written by Merel Dagher (PEACE Advisor) 

How can bacteria transfer genes across members of their generation?

a.     Transformation

b.     Transduction

c.     Conjugation

d.     All of the above

e.     Only b and c

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The correct answer is d. Transformation is the transfer of genes through the environment; transduction is done through viruses; conjugation is done through plasmids. Bacterial lineages are not independent of each other!

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